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உலகில் உள்ள எல்லா உயிர்களுக்கும் உயிர் வாழ உணவு அவசியம். உயிர்களின் உடம்பில் சக்தி தேவைப்படும்பொழுது அதன் தூண்டுதலால் ஏற்படுவதுதான் பசி. இந்த பசி இல்லா உயிர் இல்லை. அப்படிப்பட்ட பசியை போக்க உணவு மிக அவசியம். பசியை படைத்த இயற்கை கூடவே அந்தந்த உயிர்களுக்கான உணவையும் படைத்துள்ளது. இருப்பினும் உலகெங்கும் பட்டினியால் இறப்பவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை கூடிக்கொண்டே போகின்றது.

"தனி ஒருவனுக்கு உணவில்லை எனில்ஜகத்தினை அழித்திடுவோம்'' என்றான் பாரதி.

ஆனால் இன்றைய நிலைமையில் பட்டினி சாவுகள் அதிகமாகிக்கொண்டே போகின்றது. இந்தியாவில் வறுமையின் காரணமாக 20 கோடி மக்கள் உணவின்றி பட்டினிகிடக்கின்றார்கள். என்று அண்மையில் ஒரு தொண்டுநிறுவனம் ஆய்வு ஒன்றில் தெரியப்படுத்தியுள்ளது. அதாவது இந்தியாவில் நான்கில் ஒருவருக்கு உணவில்லை என்ற நிலை உள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் மட்டும் இந்த நிலையில்லை உலகின் பணக்கார வரிசையில் உள்ள அமேரிக்கா போன்ற நாடுகளில் கூட பட்டினி சாவுகள் அதிகம் உள்ளது. இப்படிப்பட்ட நிலைக்கு காரணம் மனிதனா? இயற்கையா?..

"மத்தேயு-6:26.(பைபிள்) ஆகாயத்துப் பட்சிகளைக் கவனித்துப்பாருங்கள்; அவைகள் விதைக்கிறதுமில்லை, அறுக்கிறதுமில்லை, களஞ்சியங்களில் சேர்த்துவைக்கிறதுமில்லை; அவைகளையும் உங்கள் பரமபிதா பிழைப்பூட்டுகிறார்; அவைகளைப்பார்க்கிலும் நீங்கள் விசேஷித்தவர்கள் அல்லவா?....."

மேற்கண்ட பைபிள் வாசகம் சரி என்றால் பட்டினி சாவுக்கு காரணம் யார்? இதுதான் இன்றய கேள்வி... உண்டு கொழுப்பவன் ஒரு புறம் இருக்க, பட்டியால் சாவோர் மறுபுறம் ஏன்? மனிதனின் மாறுப்பட்ட கொள்கைகளால் மடிந்துபோகும் மக்களைப்பற்றி கவலைப்படுவதில்லை. அமேரிக்கா, இங்கிலாந்து போன்ற வல்லமை பெற்ற நாடுகளும் இருக்கு, சோமாலியா போன்ற வறுமைகள் உள்ள நாடுகளும் இருக்கு. இதில் எந்த மனுதருமம் பொது உடமைப் பற்றி பேச போகின்றது. பசி என்றால் பத்தும் பறந்துபோகுமாம்.

உலக பணக்காரர் வரிசைகளில் எட்டு இடங்கள் நமக்குதான். அதே போல் இந்தியாவின் மக்கள் தொகையில் நான்கில் ஒருவர் உணவின்றி பட்டினி. இதுதான் நம் நாட்டின் இறையாண்மை.

"வசதியிருக்கின்றவன் தரமாட்டான் வயிறுப் பசித்தவன் விடமாட்டான்"

உண்மைதான் வயிறுப் பசித்தவன் ஒருநாள் பிச்சி சாப்பிடும் காலங்களும் வரலாம். பசியில்லா உணர்வும் ருசிக்காது அதற்காக பசியே வாழ்கையாக இருப்பதும் வெட்ககேடு. ஆதி மனிதன் தொட்டு இன்றைய மனிதன் வரை பசிக்காக அவற்றிக்கான உணவுக்காக போராட்டங்கள் நடந்துக்கொண்டுதான் இருக்கின்றது. குழுக்காளாக வாழ்ந்த மனித இனம் தனது உணவை சேமித்து வைக்கும் பழக்கம் வந்தது. இப்படி சேமித்த உணவுகளை வலியவர்கள் வந்து அபகரிப்பதும் இன்றைய தினம் வரை நடந்துக்கொண்டுதான் இருக்கின்றது. பட்டுக்கோட்டை கல்யாணசுந்தரம் சொல்வதுபோல்...

"பசியும் சுண்டல் ருசியும் போனால்,..பக்தியில்லை பசனையில்லைசுத்தமான சோம்பேறிகளின் வேசத்திலே!"

பசியும் அந்த உணவிற்கான ருசியும் இல்லை என்றால் வாழ்வில் போராட்டங்கள் இருக்க வாய்பில்லை என்றே சொல்லலாம். அதேபோல் மனிதன் வாழ்க்கை முறைகள் பசியும் உணவையும் பொருத்தே வளர்ந்து வருகின்றது.

என்னதான் அறிவியல் சாதனைகளில் புதுமைகள் பல செய்தாலும் மனிதன் உயிர் வாழ்வது என்பது அந்த ஒரு சாண் வயிற்று பசிக்காகத்தானே!. போராட்டங்கள், புரட்சிகள் பல வெடித்ததும் இந்த பசிக்காகத்தானே!. பல புரட்சிக்கு பின்னும் இந்த பசியின் கொடுமை ஒழிந்தப்பாடில்லை எனபதுதான் கொடுமை.

முன்பு ஒரு காலத்தில் தமிழ்நாட்டில் கடுமையான பஞ்சம். அப்பொழுது ஒரு வகை களிமண்ணில் ரொட்டி சுட்டு சாப்பிட்டதாக சொல்லுவார்கள். அப்பொழுது நான் நம்பவில்லை, இன்றும் தெனாப்பிரிக்காவில் சில இடங்களின் மண்ணாலான ரொட்டிகள் சாப்பிட்டு பல குழந்தைகள் இறந்ததாக செய்திகளில் படித்துள்ளேன். உலகில் ஒரு புறம் பட்டினியால் சாவுகள், மறுபுறம் உணவுப்பொருள்களை வீணாக்குதல். கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளாக இந்தியாவில் பட்டினி கிடப்பவர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அதிகரித்து வருகின்றது. சமீபத்தில் இந்திய பிரதமர் டாக்டர் மன்மோகன் சிங் செய்தியாளர்களிடம் சொல்லி வருத்தப்பட்டார் என்றால் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்.

சிங்கப்பூர் உலகிலேயே சிறிய நாடு என்ற வரிசையில் இரண்டாவது இடத்தை பிடிக்கின்றது. இதன் பரப்பளவு அளவில் சிறிய இடம் என்பதால் இங்கு விவசாயம் இல்லை. ஒரு சில இடங்களில் மாதிரிக்காக கீரை வகைகள் பயிர் செய்கின்றனர். இப்படி துளிக்கூட விவசாயம் செய்யாத நாட்டில் ஒருவர் கூட சாப்பிட உணவு இல்லை என்ற நிலை இல்லை. எல்லா உணவுப்பொருள்களும் இங்கு இறக்குமதியாகின்றது. உலகிலேயே 24 மணிநேரமும் எந்த இடத்திலும் எல்லாவகையான உணவுகள் கிடைக்கும் என்றால் அது சிங்கப்பூர்தான் என்றால் மிகையாகாது.

இந்நிலைக்காக இந்நாட்டின் அரசு முனைப்புடன் செயல்படுகின்றதை பார்க்க முடிகின்றது. சரியான தலைவரும் முறையான கட்டமைப்பும் இருந்தால் எல்லாம் சாத்தியம் என்பதை கண்முன் காணமுடிகின்றது. சிங்கப்பூர் ஒரு சிறிய நாடு அதனால்தான் இது சாத்தியமாக்கபட்டுள்ளது என்பதை விட எந்த விதமான விவசாயமும் இல்லாத நாட்டில் சாத்தியப்படும்பொழுது எல்லா வளங்களும் கிடைக்கப்பெற்ற மிகப்பெரிய ஜனநாயக நாட்டில் ஏன் முடியாது என்று சுய பரிசோதனை செய்வது நல்லது. இந்தியாவின் இன்று மிகபெரிய வளம் குறைவு என்னவென்றால் தன்னலமற்ற தலைவர்களும், சுத்தமுள்ள அரசு அதிகாரிகளும்தான். அரசு அதிகாரிகளின் பொறுப்பின்மைதான் நாட்டை சின்னா பின்னாமாக்கிக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
என்ன வளம் இல்லை இந்த திருநாட்டில்ஏன் கையேந்த வேண்டும் அயல்நாட்டில்
எல்லா வளங்கள் இருந்தும் முறையற்ற கட்டமைப்பாலும் சுய நலம் கொண்ட தலைவர்களாலும் நாட்டை வறுமையில் சிக்கவைக்கின்றனர். ஒருவர் ஒரு நாளைக்கு 50 ரூபாய்க்கு குறைவான வருமானம் என்றால் அது வறுமை என உலக வங்கி நிர்ணயத்துள்ளது. அப்படி பார்த்தால் இந்தியாவில் 41% மக்கள் வறுமையில் இருக்கின்றனர். இது ஆப்பிரிக்கா நாட்டைவிட அதிகம் என சொல்லப்படுகின்றது. 2015 ல் இன்னும் அதிகமானோர் வறுமையில் இருப்பார்கள் என்ற எச்சரிக்கையும் நம்மை கலங்க வைக்கின்றது. இப்படிப்பட்ட வறுமையின் காரணமாக பெற்ற பிள்ளைகளையே விற்கும் அவலங்களும் செய்திகளில் பார்க்க முடிகின்றது.இன்று இருக்கும் பொருளாதார நெருக்கடிக்கு பின் உலகில் கடுமையான உணவு பஞ்சம் வரும் என பிரபல பொருளாதார நிபுணர் பிரவத் பட்நாயக் எச்சரித்துள்ளார். இந்த ஆண்டு பருவமழை பொய்த்ததால் அரிசி உற்பத்தி கடுமையாக பாதித்துள்ளது. சுமார் 10 மில்லியன் டன் அரிசி உற்பத்தி குறைய வாய்புள்ளதாக வேளாண்மைத்துறை அமைச்சகம் தெரிவித்துள்ளது.இப்படிப்பட்ட சூழல்களில் பசி பட்டினிகளிலிருந்து காப்பாற்றுவதும் மேலும் ஒரு முன் எச்சரிக்கை நடவடிக்கை எடுப்பதும் அரசின் கடமையாகும்.

நலிந்து வரும் விவாசயத்தை ஊக்குவிக்க கிராமங்களில் நவீன வசதிகள் ஏற்படுத்துதல். விவசாயிகளின் ஆரோக்கியம், கல்வி, உள்கட்டமைப்பு, நீர்ப்பாசனம் மேன்படுத்துதல், நவீன விவசாய முறைகளை அறிமுகம் செய்தல் போன்றவைகளை செய்து கொடுக்க வேண்டியது அரசின் முக்கிய கடமையாகும் என்பதை அரசும் அரசு அதிகாரிகளும் புரிந்துக் கொள்ளவேண்டும். மேலும் தானும் தன்னை சார்ந்தவர்களின் மேன்பாட்டுக்காக நடந்துவரும் அரசின் போக்கில் மாற்றம் கொண்டுவர வேண்டும்.இந்தியாவில் தற்பொழுது தனிநபர் வருமானம் அதிகரித்துள்ளது அதேபோல் வறுமையின் அளவும் அதிகரித்துள்ளது என்பதை கணக்கிடும்பொழுது. அரசின் கட்டமைப்பில் கோளாருகள் இருப்பதை உணரமுடிகின்றது. கள்ளப்பணம், பதுக்கல், முறையற்ற முறையில் செல்வம் சேர்த்தல், தனிமனிதன் சொத்துகள் ஓரிடத்தில் சேர்தல் போன்ற காரணங்களால் பட்டினி சாவுகளும் அதிகரிக்கின்றது என்பதை இந்த அரசும் உணரவேண்டும். அளவிற்கு அதிகமாக சொத்து சேர்த்தல் என்பது தனி மனித திறமை என்றாலும் அது பல உயிர்கள் உயிர் வாழவேண்டிய உணவு என்பதை உணரும் நிலை ஏற்பட வேண்டும். அந்த உள்கட்டமைப்பை அரசுதான் நிர்ணயம் செய்ய வேண்டும்.

நாட்டின் நீரின் தேவையை கருதி நதிகள் தேசியமயமாக்கப்பட வேண்டும். நதி நீர் பங்கீட்டை ஒழுங்கு படுத்த அரசு முன்வரவேண்டிய கட்டாயத்தை உணரவேண்டும்.
வங்கத்தில் ஓடிவரும் நீரின் விசையால்-மையத்துநாடுகளில் பயிர் செய்வோம்....(பாரதியார்)
கனவுகளும் கர்ப்பனைகள் மட்டும் இந்நாட்டை வளப்படுத்த முடியாது. வளமான செயல்பாடுகள் தேவையாகின்றது என்பதை ஒவ்வொரு குடிமகனும் உணரவேண்டும். நாளைய வளமான உலகம் நம்கைகளில் இருப்பதை உணந்துகொண்டாலே போதும் மகிழ்ச்சியான சமூகத்தை பார்க்க முடியும்

Computing Types ??????????

2009-09-13T01:43:00.000-07:00

Activity-based Computing (ABC)
Agent based Computing
Affective Computing
Amorphous Computing
Analog Computation
Autonomic Computing
Client Server Computing
Cloud Computing
Cluster Computing
Collaborative Computing
Context-Aware Computing
Contextual Computing
Deep Computing
Desktop Computing
Distributed Computing
Distributed Object Computing
DNA Computing
Embedded Computing
Enterprise Computing
Evolutionary Computation
Future Computing
Global Computing
Grid Computing
Handheld Computing

High Performance Computing
Hyper Computation
Internet Computing
Invisible Computing
Java Distributed Object Computing
Java Web Computing
Location-Aware Computing
Mobile Computing
Nanoscale Computing
Nature-Inspired Computing
Network-Centric Computing
Network Computing
N-tier Distributed Computing
Neural Computation
Optical Computing
Palm Computing
Parallel Computing
Peta Computing
Perceptual Computing
Peer-to-Peer Computing
Pervasive Computing
Proactive Computing
Real Time Computing

Reconfigurable Computing
Recovery-oriented Computing (ROC)
Reliable Computing
Reversible Computing
Revolutionary Computing
Scalable Computing
Secure Computing
Sentient Computing
Server-based Computing
Situation-aware Computing
Situated Computing
Smart Computing
Soft Computing
Super Computing
Thin Client Computing
Trusted Computing
Ubiquitous Computing
Urban Computing
Utility Computing
Visual Computing
Volunteer Computing
Wearable Computing
Web Computing

Today's Quantum Computers

2009-09-13T01:34:00.000-07:00

Today's Quantum Computers
Quantum computers could one day replace silicon chips, just like the transistor once replaced the vacuum tube. But for now, the technology required to develop such a quantum computer is beyond our reach. Most research in quantum computing is still very theoretical.
The most advanced quantum computers have not gone beyond manipulating more than 16 qubits, meaning that they are a far cry from practical application. However, the potential remains that quantum computers one day could perform, quickly and easily, calculations that are incredibly time-consuming on conventional computers. Several key advancements have been made in quantum computing in the last few years. Let's look at a few of the quantum computers that have been developed.
1998

Los Alamos and MIT researchers managed to spread a single qubit across three nuclear spins in each molecule of a liquid solution of alanine (an amino acid used to analyze quantum state decay) or trichloroethylene (a chlorinated hydrocarbon used for quantum error correction) molecules. Spreading out the qubit made it harder to corrupt, allowing researchers to use entanglement to study interactions between states as an indirect method for analyzing the quantum information.
2000

In March, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory announced the development of a 7-qubit quantum computer within a single drop of liquid. The quantum computer uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to manipulate particles in the atomic nuclei of molecules of trans-crotonic acid, a simple fluid consisting of molecules made up of six hydrogen and four carbon atoms. The NMR is used to apply electromagnetic pulses, which force the particles to line up. These particles in positions parallel or counter to the magnetic field allow the quantum computer to mimic the information-encoding of bits in digital computers.
Researchers at IBM-Almaden Research Center developed what they claimed was the most advanced quantum computer to date in August. The 5-qubit quantum computer was designed to allow the nuclei of five fluorine atoms to interact with each other as qubits, be programmed by radio frequency pulses and be detected by NMR instruments similar to those used in hospitals (see How Magnetic Resonance Imaging Works for details). Led by Dr. Isaac Chuang, the IBM team was able to solve in one step a mathematical problem that would take conventional computers repeated cycles. The problem, called order-finding, involves finding the period of a particular function, a typical aspect of many mathematical problems involved in cryptography.
2001

Scientists from IBM and Stanford University successfully demonstrated Shor's Algorithm on a quantum computer. Shor's Algorithm is a method for finding the prime factors of numbers (which plays an intrinsic role in cryptography). They used a 7-qubit computer to find the factors of 15. The computer correctly deduced that the prime factors were 3 and 5.
2005

The Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the University of Innsbruck announced that scientists had created the first qubyte, or series of 8 qubits, using ion traps.

2006

Scientists in Waterloo and Massachusetts devised methods for quantum control on a 12-qubit system. Quantum control becomes more complex as systems employ more qubits.
2007

Canadian startup company D-Wave demonstrated a 16-qubit quantum computer. The computer solved a sudoku puzzle and other pattern matching problems. The company claims it will produce practical systems by 2008. Skeptics believe practical quantum computers are still decades away, that the system D-Wave has created isn't scaleable, and that many of the claims on D-Wave's Web site are simply impossible (or at least impossible to know for certain given our understanding of quantum mechanics).
If functional quantum computers can be built, they will be valuable in factoring large numbers, and therefore extremely useful for decoding and encoding secret information. If one were to be built today, no information on the Internet would be safe. Our current methods of encryption are simple compared to the complicated methods possible in quantum computers. Quantum computers could also be used to search large databases in a fraction of the time that it would take a conventional computer. Other applications could include using quantum computers to study quantum mechanics, or even to design other quantum computers.
But quantum computing is still in its early stages of development, and many computer scientists believe the technology needed to create a practical quantum computer is years away. Quantum computers must have at least several dozen qubits to be able to solve real-world problems, and thus serve as a viable computing method.

Quantum Computer

2009-09-13T01:32:00.000-07:00

Defining the Quantum Computer
The Turing machine, developed by Alan Turing in the 1930s, is a theoretical device that consists of tape of unlimited length that is divided into little squares. Each square can either hold a symbol (1 or 0) or be left blank. A read-write device reads these symbols and blanks, which gives the machine its instructions to perform a certain program. Does this sound familiar? Well, in a quantum Turing machine, the difference is that the tape exists in a quantum state, as does the read-write head. This means that the symbols on the tape can be either 0 or 1 or a superposition of 0 and 1; in other words the symbols are both 0 and 1 (and all points in between) at the same time. While a normal Turing machine can only perform one calculation at a time, a quantum Turing machine can perform many calculations at once.
Today's computers, like a Turing machine, work by manipulating bits that exist in one of two states: a 0 or a 1. Quantum computers aren't limited to two states; they encode information as quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in superposition. Qubits represent atoms, ions, photons or electrons and their respective control devices that are working together to act as computer memory and a processor. Because a quantum computer can contain these multiple states simultaneously, it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful supercomputers.

This superposition of qubits is what gives quantum computers their inherent parallelism. According to physicist David Deutsch, this parallelism allows a quantum computer to work on a million computations at once, while your desktop PC works on one. A 30-qubit quantum computer would equal the processing power of a conventional computer that could run at 10 teraflops (trillions of floating-point operations per second). Today's typical desktop computers run at speeds measured in gigaflops (billions of floating-point operations per second).
Quantum computers also utilize another aspect of quantum mechanics known as entanglement. One problem with the idea of quantum computers is that if you try to look at the subatomic particles, you could bump them, and thereby change their value. If you look at a qubit in superposition to determine its value, the qubit will assume the value of either 0 or 1, but not both (effectively turning your spiffy quantum computer into a mundane digital computer). To make a practical quantum computer, scientists have to devise ways of making measurements indirectly to preserve the system's integrity. Entanglement provides a potential answer. In quantum physics, if you apply an outside force to two atoms, it can cause them to become entangled, and the second atom can take on the properties of the first atom. So if left alone, an atom will spin in all directions. The instant it is disturbed it chooses one spin, or one value; and at the same time, the second entangled atom will choose an opposite spin, or value. This allows scientists to know the value of the qubits without actually looking at them.

Nano-Computing

2009-09-13T01:20:00.000-07:00

Nano-Computing

The history of computer technology has involved a sequence of changes from gears to relays to valves to transistors to integrated circuits and so on. Today's techniques can fit logic gates and wires a fraction of a micron wide onto a silicon chip. Soon the parts will become smaller and smaller until they are made up of only a handful of atoms. At this point the laws of classical physics break down and the rules of quantum mechanics take over, so the new quantum technology must replace and/or supplement what we presently have. It will support an entirely new kind of computation with new algorithms based on quantum principles.

Presently our digital computers rely on bits, which, when charged, represent on, true, or 1. When not charged they become off, false, or 0. A register of 3 bits can represent at a given moment in time one of eight numbers (000,001,010,...,111). In the quantum state, an atom (one bit) can be in two places at once according to the laws of quantum physics, so 3 atoms (quantum bits or qubits) can represent all eight numbers at any given time. So for x number of qubits, there can be 2x numbers stored. (I will not go into the logic of all this or this paper would turn into a book!). Parallel processing can take place on the 2x input numbers, performing the same task that a classical computer would have to repeat 2x times or use 2x processors working in parallel. In other words a quantum computer offers an enormous gain in the use of computational resources such as time and memory. This becomes mind boggling when you think of what 32 qubits can accomplish.

This all sounds like another purely technological process. Classical computers can do the same computations as quantum computers, only needing more time and more memory. The catch is that they need exponentially more time and memory to match the power of a quantum computer. An exponential increase is really fast, and available time and memory run out very quickly.

Quantum computers can be programed in a qualitatively new way using new algorithms. For example, we can construct new algorithms for solving problems, some of which can turn difficult mathematical problems, such as factorization, into easy ones. The difficulty of factorization of large numbers is the basis for the security of many common methods of encryption. RSA, the most popular public key cryptosystem used to protect electronic bank accounts gets its security from the difficulty of factoring very large numbers. This was one of the first potential uses for a quantum computer.

"Experimental and theoretical research in quantum computation is accelerating world-wide. New technologies for realising quantum computers are being proposed, and new types of quantum computation with various advantages over classical computation are continually being discovered and analysed and we believe some of them will bear technological fruit. From a fundamental standpoint, however, it does not matter how useful quantum computation turns out to be, nor does it matter whether we build the first quantum computer tomorrow, next year or centuries from now. The quantum theory of computation must in any case be an integral part of the world view of anyone who seeks a fundamental understanding of the quantum theory and the processing of information." ( Center for Quantum Computation)

In 1995 there was a $100 bet made to create the impossible within 16 years, the world's first nanometer supercomputer. This resulted in the NanoComputer Dream Team, and utilizes the internet to gather talent from every scientific field

Business benefits of blade server

2009-09-08T23:58:00.000-07:00

What are Blade Servers?

2009-09-08T23:41:00.000-07:00

Blade servers form the basis for a modular computing paradigm. A blade is a single-board server that contains one to four processors, memory, local disk storage, and on-blade network interface card (NIC) and SAN connectivity.

A blade chassis may also hold one or more Ethernet and SAN switch modules, one to four power supplies, one to two shared management modules, and cooling resources. Chassis components communicate
across a fully redundant midplane, enabling hot swap functionality
of the chassis components and easy serviceability.

Why Blade Servers?

2009-09-08T23:39:00.000-07:00

The provisioning capability of our existing rack-mounted server environment is both lengthy and inflexible. Our search for a better approach led us to blade servers, an emerging technology that promised reduced costs in areas such as capital expenditures, operational expenses, and physical plant requirements while improving efficiency. Blade servers allow for up-front provisioning of the chassis and switch components when adding compute blades as needed. This provides a more dynamic provisioning model, which results in just-intime provisioning as well as the ability to work around data center freeze periods

Blade Server Benefits

2009-09-08T23:37:00.000-07:00

Lower acquisition costs
• Lower operational costs for deployment and troubleshooting and repair
• Lower power, cooling, and space requirements
• Dramatically reduced cabling requirements
• More efficient out-of-band management
A total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis for our environment showed potential reductions of:
• 10 to 20 percent for acquisition costs
• 3.8 to 10.6 percent for deployment costs and troubleshooting/repair
• 8.5 to 25.3 percent for facilities costs

Results from an Intel IT proof-of-concept (PoC) project show that blade servers offer significant cost savings in acquisition, operations, and facilities while presenting no major barriers to deployment.

Blade Server VS Rack Server

2009-09-08T23:33:00.000-07:00

It is found that blade servers reduce but don't eliminate redundant hardware components requiring electrical power, a pivotal consideration in total cost of ownership (TCO). That said, while IBM's blade servers equalled the performance of its rackables, the blades were more power efficient and potentially much easier to service.
While rackables are less expensive than blades when buying only one or two servers, because you have to factor in the cost of the blade chassis, a fully configured blade chassis is the more economical hardware buy than purchasing the same number of rackable servers. On the other hand, adopting a blade configuration demands a vendor lock-in that rackables don't, because they can be added one at a time as needed. Also, blades fall short for applications that require large amounts of on-board storage.

UN International Decades

2009-09-05T09:03:00.000-07:00

2010-2020
United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification

2008-2017
Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty

2006-2016
Decade of Recovery and Sustainable Development of the Affected Regions(third decade after the Chernobyl disaster)

2005-2015
International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”

2005-2014
United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development

Second International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People

2003-2012
United Nations Literacy Decade: Education for All

2001-2010
International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World

Decade to Roll Back Malaria in Developing Countries, Particularly in Africa

Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism

UN International Years

2009-09-05T08:59:00.000-07:00

2009
International Year of Reconciliation

International Year of Natural Fibres

International Year of Human Rights Learning(beginning on 10 December 2008)

International Year of Astronomy

2010

International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures

International Year of Biodiversity

2011

International Year of Chemistry

International Year of Forests

UN International Days (United Nations Observances)

2009-09-05T08:35:00.000-07:00

January

27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust

February

4 February World Cancer Day [WHO]
20 February World Day of Social Justice
21 February International Mother Language Day

March

8 March International Women's Day 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination World Poetry Day [UNESCO]

22 March World Water Day 2009 2008 2007

23 March World Meteorological Day

24 March World Tuberculosis Day [WHO]

25 March International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade - 2009 2008

April

2 April World Autism Awareness Day

4 April International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action

7 April World Health Day

22 April International Mother Earth Day

23 April World Book and Copyright Day

25 April World Malaria Day [WHO]

26 April World Intellectual Property Day [WIPO]

28 April World Day for Safety and Health at Work [ILO]

May

3 May World Press Freedom Day 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

8-9 May Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War

9-10 May World Migratory Bird Day [UNEP]

15 May International Day of Families 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996

17 May World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2009 2008 2007 2006

21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development

22 May International Day for Biological Diversity

29 May International Day of UN Peacekeepers 2009 2008 - 60th Anniversary of UN Peacekeeping 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

31 May World No-Tobacco Day 2009 2008 2007

June

4 June International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression

5 June World Environment Day 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

8 June World Oceans Day

12 June World Day Against Child Labour 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

14 June World Blood Donor Day 2009 2008 2007 2006

17 June World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 2009 2008 2007

20 June World Refugee Day

23 June United Nations Public Service Day

26 June International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

26 June United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture

July

5 July(First Saturday) International Day of Cooperatives

11 July World Population Day

August

9 August International Day of the World's Indigenous People 2009 2008 2007 2006

12 August International Youth Day

19 August World Humanitarian Day

23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and Its Abolition

September

8 September International Literacy Day

10 September World Suicide Prevention Day [WHO]

15 September International Day of Democracy

16 September International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer

21 September International Day of Peace 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

27 September World Tourism Day [WTO]

28 September World Rabies Day [WHO]

28 September World Heart Day [WHO]

Last week of September World Maritime Day

October

1 October International Day of Older Persons 2006 2005 2002

2 October International Day of Non-Violence 2008 2007

5 October World Teachers’ Day

6 October (First Monday) World Habitat Day 2008

7 October (Second Wednesday) International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction

8 October(Second Thursday) World Sight Day [WHO]

9 October World Post Day

10 October World Mental Health Day

15 October International Day of Rural Women

16 October World Food Day

17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 2006 2004 2002

24 October United Nations Day 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001

24 October World Development Information Day

27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage [UNESCO]

November

6 November International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict

10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development [UNESCO]

14 November World Diabetes Day

16 November International Day for Tolerance

16 November(Third Sunday) World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims

19 November World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Day [WHO]

20 November(Third Thursday) World Philosophy Day [UNESCO]

20 November Universal Children’s Day

20 November Africa Industrialization Day

21 November World Television Day

25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 2008 2007 2005

29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People

December

1 December World AIDS Day 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2001 2000

2 December International Day for the Abolition of Slavery

3 December International Day of Persons with Disabilities

5 December International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development

7 December International Civil Aviation Day

9 December International Anti-Corruption Day

10 December Human Rights Day 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

11 December International Mountain Day

18 December International Migrants Day

19 December United Nations Day for South-South Cooperation

20 December International Human Solidarity Day

World Teachers' Day October 5 and Why???

2009-09-05T08:10:00.000-07:00

World Teaches' Day, held annually on October 5th since 1994, commemorates teachers’ organisations worldwide. Its aim is to mobilise support for teachers and to ensure that the needs of future generations will continue to be met by teachers.
According to UNESCO, World Teachers' Day represents a significant token of the awareness, understanding and appreciation displayed for the vital contribution that teachers make to education and development.
Education International (EI) (the global union federation that represents education professionals worldwide) strongly believes that World Teachers' Day should be internationally recognized and celebrated around the world. EI also believes that the principles of the 1966 and 1997 Recommendations should be considered for implementation in all nations.
Over 100 countries observe World Teachers' Day. The efforts of Education International and its 401 member organisations have contributed to this widely spread recognition. Every year, EI launches a public awareness campaign to highlight the contributions of the teaching profession.

5 October – World Teachers’ Day
World Teachers’ Day, held annually on 5 October since 1994, commemorates the anniversary of the signing in 1966 of UNESCO/ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers. It is an occasion to celebrate the essential role of teachers in providing quality education at all levels.
Recommendation concerning the Status of TeachersAdopted by the Special Intergovernmental Conference on the Status of Teachers, 5 October, 1966, convened by UNESCO in co-operation with ILO.
Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching PersonnelAdopted by the General Conference at its 29th session, Paris, 21 October-12 November 1997.

GDP of India

2009-09-05T07:44:00.000-07:00

The Indian economy is the 12th largest in USD exchange rate terms. India is the second fastest growing economy in the world. India’s GDP has touched US$1.25 trillion. The crossing of Indian GDP over a trillion dollar mark in 2007 puts India in the elite group of 12 countries with trillion dollar economy. The tremendous growth rate has coincided with better macroeconomic stability. India has made remarkable progress in information technology, high end services and knowledge process services.

However cause for concern would be this rapid growth has not been an inclusive in nature, in the sense it has not been accompanied by a just and equitable distribution of wealth among all sections of the population. This economic growth has been location specific and sector specific. For e.g. it has not percolated to sectors were labor is intensive (agriculture) and in states were poverty is acute (Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).

Though India has the second highest growth rate in the world, its rank in terms of human development index (which is broadly used has a measure of life expectancy, adult literacy and standard of living) has gone down to 128 among 177 countries in 2007 compared to 126 in 2006.

Indian GDP –Trend Of Growth Rate

1960-1980 : 3.5%

1980-1990 : 5.4%

1990-2000 : 4.4%

2000-2009 : 6.4%

Contribution of Various Sectors in GDP

The contributions of various sectors in the Indian GDP for 1990-1991 are as follows:

Agriculture: - 32%

Industry: - 27%

Service Sector: - 41%

The contributions of various sectors in the Indian GDP for 2005-2006 are as follows:

Agriculture: - 20%

Industry: - 26%

Service Sector: - 54%

The contributions of various sectors in the Indian GDP for 2007-2008 are as follows:

Agriculture: - 17%

Industry: - 29%

Service Sector: - 54%

It is great news that today the service sector is contributing more than half of the Indian GDP. It takes India one step closer to the developed economies of the world. Earlier it was agriculture which mainly contributed to the Indian GDP.

The Indian government is still looking up to improve the GDP of the country and so several steps have been taken to boost the economy. Policies of FDI, SEZs and NRI investment have been framed to give a push to the economy and hence the GDP.

Article from - http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/gdp.html

Poverty in India:

2009-09-05T07:34:00.000-07:00

Poverty in India: Current Situation
Poverty is one of the main issues, attracting the attention of sociologists and economists. It indicates a condition in which a person fails to maintain a living standard adequate for a comfortable lifestyle.

Though India boasts of a high economic growth, it is shameful that there is still large scale poverty in India. Poverty in India can be defined as a situation when a certain section of people are unable to fulfill their basic needs. India has the world's largest number of poor people living in a single country. Out of its total population of more than 1 billion, 350 to 400 million people are living below the poverty line. Nearly 75% of the poor people are in rural areas, most of them are daily wagers, landless laborers and self employed house holders. There are a number of reasons for poverty in India. Poverty in India can be classified into two categories namely rural poverty and urban poverty.

Reasons for Rural Poverty

Some of the basic reasons of rural poverty in India are:
Unequal distribution of income.
High population growth.
Illiteracy.
Large families.
Caste system.
Problems Of Rural Poverty
Presence of malnutrition, illiteracy, diseases and long term health problems.
Unhygienic living conditions, lack of proper housing, high infant mortality
rate, injustice to women and social ill-treatment of certain sections of society.
Steps Taken by Government to Reduce Rural Poverty
The government of India has been trying its best to remove poverty. Some of the measures which the government has taken to remove rural poverty are:
Small farmer’s development Programme.
Drought area development Programme.
Minimum needs Programme.
National rural employment Programme.
Assurance on employment.
Causes for Urban Poverty.

Causes for Urban Poverty
The causes of urban poverty in India are:
Improper training
Slow job growth.
Failure of PDS system
Problems Of Urban Poverty
Restricted access to employment opportunities and income.
Lack of proper housing facilities
Unhygienic environments
No social security schemes
Lack of opportunity to quality health and educational services.
The steps taken by government to remove urban poverty are:
Nehru Rozgar Yojna.
Prime Minister Rozgar Yojna.
Urban Basic services for the poor Programme.
National social Assistance Programme.
But these processes can be helpful only if the policies go to those people for whom it is meant. The clash between the central government and the state government often results in the lack of implementation of these policies. So it is very important that the governments do not play power politics when it comes to a serious issue such as poverty.

Year All India % Rural % Urban%
1973 54.9 56.4 49.0
1978 51.3 53.1 45.2
1983 44.5 45.7 40.8
1988 38.9 39.1 38.2
1994 36.0 37.3 32.4
1999 26.1 27.1 23.6

Artcle from http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/poverty-in-india.html

தமிழ் நூல்கள்

2009-08-26T09:03:00.000-07:00

தமிழ் இலக்கியம்
சங்க இலக்கியம்
அகத்தியம்
தொல்காப்பியம்

பதினெண் மேற்கணக்கு

எட்டுத் தொகை நூல்கள்
1. குறுந்தொகை
2. பதிற்றுப் பத்து
3. பரிபாடல்
4. கலித்தொகை
5. அகநானூறு
6. புறநானூறு
7.ஐங்குறுநூறு
8.நற்றிணை

பத்துப்பாட்டு நூல்கள்
1. திருமுருகு ஆற்றுப்படை
2. பொருநர் ஆற்றுப்படை
3. சிறுபாண் ஆற்றுப்படை
4. பெரும்பாண் ஆற்றுப்படை
5. முல்லைப்பாட்டு
6. மதுரைக் காஞ்சி
7. நெடுநல்வாடை
8. குறிஞ்சிப் பாட்டு
9. பட்டினப்பாலை
10. மலைபடுகடாம்

பதினெண் கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்கள்
1. இன்னா நாற்பது

9. திருக்குறள்
10. நாலடியார்

11. நான்மணிக்கடிகை

12. ஆசாரக்கோவை

13. திணைமாலை நூற்றைம்பது

கம்பரின் படைப்புகள்
1. கம்பராமாயணம்
2. ஏரெழுபது
3. சடகோபர் அந்தாதி
4. சரஸ்வதி அந்தாதி
5. சிலையெழுபது
6. திருக்கை வழக்கம்

ஐம்பெருங் காப்பியங்கள்
1. சிலப்பதிகாரம்
2. வளையாபதி
3. குண்டலகேசி
4. சீவக சிந்தாமணி

ஐஞ்சிறு காப்பியங்கள்
1. உதயண குமார காவியம்

திருஞானசம்பந்தரின் படைப்புகள்
1. திருக்குற்றாலப்பதிகம்
2. திருக்குறும்பலாப்பதிகம்

திரிகூடராசப்பரின் படைப்புகள்
1. திருக்குற்றாலக் குறவஞ்சி
2. திருக்குற்றால மாலை
3. திருக்குற்றால ஊடல்

ஸ்ரீகுமரகுருபரரின் படைப்புகள்
1. நீதிநெறி விளக்கம்
2. கந்தர் கலிவெண்பா
3. சகலகலாவல்லிமாலை
4. மதுரைக் கலம்பகம்

சைவ சித்தாந்த நூல்கள்
1. நால்வர் நான்மணி மாலை
2. திருவிசைப்பா
3. திருமந்திரம்
4. திருவாசகம்

மெய்கண்ட சாத்திரங்கள்
1. திருக்களிற்றுப்படியார்
2. திருவுந்தியார்

முருக பக்தி நூல்கள்
1. கந்தர் அந்தாதி
2. கந்தர் அலங்காரம்
3. திருப்புகழ்

ஔவையாரின் படைப்புகள்
1. ஆத்திசூடி
2. கொன்றை வேந்தன்
3. மூதுரை
4. நல்வழி

நீதி நூல்கள்
1. நன்னெறி
2. உலக நீதி
3. வெற்றி வேற்கை
4. அறநெறிச்சாரம்

இலக்கண நூல்கள்
1. யாப்பருங்கலக் காரிகை

மகாகவி சி.சுப்ரமணிய பாரதியாரின் படைப்புகள்
1. குயில் பாட்டு
2. கண்ணன் பாட்டு
3. தேசிய கீதங்கள்

புரட்சிக்கவிஞர் பாவேந்தர் பாரதிதாசன் படைப்புகள்
1. இருண்ட வீடு
2. இளைஞர் இலக்கியம்
3. அழகின் சிரிப்பு
4. தமிழியக்கம்
5. எதிர்பாராத முத்தம்

பேரறிஞர் டாக்டர் சி.என். அண்ணாதுரையின் படைப்புகள்

சிறுகதைகள்
1. இரும்பு முள்வேலி
2. சொல்லாதது
3. காமக் குரங்கு
4. தீர்ப்பளியுங்கள்
5. சுடுமூஞ்சி
6. 'கொக்கரகோ'

புதினங்கள்
1. ரங்கோன் ராதா

கட்டுரை நூல்கள்
1. வெள்ளை மாளிகையில்

டாக்டர் மு.வரதராசனாரின் படைப்புகள்

புதினங்கள்
1. அகல் விளக்கு
2. நெஞ்சில் ஒரு முள்
3. பெற்ற மனம்

சிறுகதைகள்
1. தேங்காய்த் துண்டுகள்
2. வாய்த் திறக்க மாட்டேன்
3. எதையோ பேசினார்
4. கட்டாயம் வேண்டும்
5. எவர் குற்றம்?
6. விடுதலையா?

ந.பிச்சமூர்த்தியின் படைப்புகள்

சிறுகதைகள்
1. தரிசனம்
2. மழைத் தெய்வம்
3. நெருப்புக் கோழி
4. புலியின் வரிகள்
5. முதல் பிடில்
6. டென்னிஸ்
7. பலூன் பைத்தியம்
8. குளவிக் கூடு

அமரர் கல்கி
பொன்னியின் செல்வன்
பார்த்திபன் கனவு
சிவகாமியின் சபதம்
அலை ஓசை
தியாக பூமி
கள்வனின் காதலி
மோகினித் தீவு
பொய்மான் கரடு
சோலைமலை இளவரசி
மகுடபதி
சிறுகதைகள் (75)

புதுமைப்பித்தன்
சிறுகதைகள் (108)
மொழிபெயர்ப்பு சிறுகதைகள் (57)

தீபம் நா. பார்த்தசாரதி
சிறுகதைகள் (13)
ஆத்மாவின் ராகங்கள்
கபாடபுரம்
குறிஞ்சி மலர்
சமுதாய வீதி
துளசி மாடம்
நெஞ்சக்கனல்
பிறந்த மண்
ராணி மங்கம்மாள்
வஞ்சிமா நகரம்
பொன் விலங்கு
நித்திலவல்லி
சாயங்கால மேகங்கள்
நெற்றிக் கண்
வெற்றி முழக்கம் (உதயணன் கதை)
பாண்டிமாதேவி

agri commodities rates

2009-08-22T23:48:00.000-07:00

விவசாய வலைதளங்கள்

2009-08-22T23:45:00.001-07:00

ICAR
Spices Board of India
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N
ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனம் (ICRISAT)
தமிழ்நாடு அரசு விவசாயத்துறை
தமிழ்நாடு வனத்துறை
வேளாண்மை ஆலோசனை உதவி மையம்
வேளாண்மை கூட்டுறவுத் துறை அமைச்சகம்
மண் ஆராய்ச்சி மையம்
தனியார் விவசாய தகவல் இணையம்
சொட்டுநீர் நிறுவனம்
ஆராய்ச்சி மையம்(Dr.எம்.எஸ்.சுவாமி நாதன்)
இந்திய வரைபடம் - விவசாயம்
கிசான் வணிக நிறுவனம் - புனே

For agriculturist - Weather - daily sattellite image

2009-08-22T07:53:00.000-07:00

Variations in RAM

2009-08-20T07:52:00.000-07:00

1 Asynchronous DRAM
2 Video DRAM (VRAM)
3 Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM or FPRAM
4 Extended Data Out (EDO) DRAM
5 Burst EDO (BEDO) DRAM
6 Multibank DRAM (MDRAM)
7 Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM)
8 Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
9 Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM)
10 Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM
11 Pseudostatic RAM (PSRAM)
12 1T DRAM 1T DRAM is actually a different way of constructing the basic DRAM bit cell. 1T DRAM is a "capacitorless" bit cell design that stores data in the parasitic body capacitor that is an inherent part of Silicon on Insulator transistors
13 RLDRAM Reduced Latency DRAM is a high performance double data rate (DDR) SDRAM that combines fast, random access with high bandwidth. RLDRAM is mainly designed for networking and caching applications.

Physical Address Extension

2009-08-20T07:45:00.000-07:00

In computing, Physical Address Extension (PAE) is a feature of some x86 and x86-64 processors that enables the use of more than 4 gigabytes of physical memory to be used in 32-bit systems - given appropriate operating system support. PAE is provided by Intel Pentium Pro (and above) CPUs - including all later Pentium-series processors except the 400 MHz bus versions of the Pentium M, as well as by other processors such as the AMD Athlon and later AMD processor models with similar or more advanced versions of the same architecture. x86 processor hardware architecture is augmented with additional address lines used to select the additional memory, so physical address size is increased from 32 bits to 36 bits. This, theoretically, increases maximum physical memory size from 4 GB to 64 GB. The 32-bit size of the virtual address is not changed, so regular application software continues to use instructions with 32-bit addresses and (in a flat memory model) is limited to 4 gigabytes of virtual address space. The operating system uses page tables to map this 4 GB address space into the 64 GB of virtual memory. The mapping is typically applied differently for each process. In this way, the extra memory is useful even though no single regular application can access it all simultaneously. For example, in Windows, x86, 32-bit-versions, the maximum 4GB of virtual address space (VAS) is separated into two sections of 2GB: 2GB is allocated to kernel processing and the other 2GB is allocated to user. Regardless of how much physical RAM a Windows, x86, 32-bit-version computing system has, the VAS is still limited to 4GB. However, this is not true for Windows, x64-versions - which incidentally have up to 16TB of VAS. The implications of having a split-VAS, is that in 32-bit, x86 versions of Windows, the application is unable to allocate more than 2GB of memory - regardless of whether it needs more. The key importance of such a mechanism being, to prevent or minimise applications causing a system-lock - or worse crash - by using all available system memory. For application software which needs access to more than 4 GB of RAM, some special mechanisms may be provided by the operating system in addition to the regular PAE support. On Microsoft Windows this mechanism is called Address Windowing Extensions, while on Unix-like systems a variety of techniques are used, such as using mmap() to map regions of a file into and out of the address space as needed.
Operating system support
FreeBSD
FreeBSD supports PAE in the 4.x series starting with 4.9, in the 5.x series starting with 5.1, and in all 6.x and later releases. The kernel PAE configuration option is required. Loadable kernel modules can only be loaded into a kernel with PAE enabled if the modules were built with PAE enabled; the binary modules in FreeBSD distributions are not built with PAE enabled, and thus cannot be loaded into PAE kernels. Not all drivers support more than 4 GB of physical memory; those drivers won't work correctly on a system with PAE.
Linux
The Linux kernel includes full PAE support starting with version 2.6, enabling access of up to 64 GB of memory on 32-bit machines. A PAE-enabled Linux-kernel requires that the CPU also support PAE. As of 2009[update][citation needed], many common Linux distributions come with a PAE-enabled kernel as the distribution-specific default even though it does add overhead, it also adds the NX bit .
Mac OS X
Mac OS X for Intel Macs supports PAE and the NX bit on all CPUs supported by Apple (from 10.4.4—the first Intel release—onwards). Mac Pro and Xserve systems can currently support 32 GB of RAM, even though the Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard kernel remains 32-bit. Microsoft Windows PAE is supported in the following 32-bit releases of Microsoft Windows:

Quadrillion?????????????????????/

2009-08-20T07:39:00.000-07:00

kilo mega ........ bytes

2009-08-20T07:31:00.000-07:00

Virtual memory versus physical memory

2009-08-20T07:30:00.000-07:00

Virtual memory
Virtual memory is now universally used on desktop machines. It maps physical memory to different addresses using page tables. By doing so the Operating System can decide to allocate memory as it deems best without causing the program to halt from a long garbage collection process. Some literature suggests that on the whole garbage collection is the most efficient of memory reclamation strategies, but it is not ideal if it cuts in to tidy up just as you are firing a missile or landing on the moon, because it is non-deterministic.
The physical blocks of memory (typically 4Kb chunks) are mapped to virtual addresses by a virtual memory program in the Kernel, and supported by the processor hardware, though it was formerly done all in software. The purpose of virtual memory is to abstract memory allocation, allowing the physical space to be allocated as best for the hardware (that is, usually in good sized blocks), and to still be seen as contiguous from a program or compiler's perspective. Virtual memory is supported by some operating systems (for example Windows but not MS-DOS). One may think of virtual memory as a filter, or an alternate set of memory addresses that allow programs (and by virtue, programmers) to read from memory as quickly as possible without requiring it to be at a particular place. Programs use these contiguous virtual addresses, rather than real, and often fragmented, physical addresses, to store instructions and data. When the program is actually executed, the virtual addresses are translated by the processor into real memory addresses. Logical address is a synonym for virtual address.
Virtual memory also effectively allows the address space to be larger than - or rather, extend beyond - the amount of real (or physical) memory available; the computer can put rarely-accessed pages into secondary storage (similar, at a level, in behavior to CPU cache) and use the real memory (RAM) for new or active tasks. So the virtual address space might contain, say, twice as many addresses as main memory with the extra addresses mapped to hard disk space in the form of a swap file or page file (the default on Windows XP and later MS operating systems). When required they are copied back (called swapping) into main memory as soon as they are needed. These movements are performed, typically, as a background process - and in that sense are transparent to programs. However, if due care is not taken, this can often lead to thrashing.

Word size versus address size

2009-08-20T07:29:00.000-07:00

A word size is characteristic to a given computer architecture. It denotes the number of bits that a CPU can process at one time. Historically it has been sized in multiples of four and eight bits (nibbles and bytes, respectively), so sizes of 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, and larger came into vogue with technological advances.
Very often, when referring to the word size of a modern computer, one is also describing the size of address space on that computer. For instance, a computer said to be "32-bit" also usually allows 32-bit memory addresses; a byte-addressable 32-bit computer can address 232 = 4,294,967,296 bytes of memory, or 4 gibibytes (GiB). This seems logical and useful, as it allows one word to be efficiently stored in one address.
But this does not always hold. Computers often have memory addresses larger or smaller than their word size. For instance, almost all 8-bit processors, such as 6502, supported 16-bit addresses— if not they would have been limited to a mere 256 byte memory. The 16-bit Intel 8088 had only an 8-bit external memory bus on early IBM PCs, and the 16-bit Intel 8086 supported 20-bit addressing, allowing it to access 1 MiB rather than 64 KiBs of memory. Popular Pentium processors since introduction of Physical Address Extensions (PAE) support 36-bit physical addresses, while generally having only a 32-bit word.
The distinction between words and bytes has changed over the years; the DEC PDP 11 had nine-bit words. Knuth, in his seminal book The Art of Computer Programming bases his abstract MIX machine on the PDP 10 which had a shorter 7-bit word, but he never refers to it as a byte.
A modern byte-addressable 64-bit computer—with proper OS support can address 264 bytes (or 16 exbibytes) which as of 2009[update] is considered practically unlimited

Charles Babbage -

2009-08-18T08:38:00.000-07:00

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage is often considered the "Father of Computing." He is the man responsible for coming up with the first basic concepts of computers. His early machines have helped to create a foundation upon which later computers were built!
Charles Babbage was a man way ahead of his time! While his friends were busy involved in the politics of the 1700s and 1800s, Babbage was designing machines that would one day change the world. His machines later laid the foundations for the modern computer.

Although much of his early life is not clear, it is projected that Babbage was born on December 26, 1791 in London, England. He was the son of London banker Benjamin Babbage, and his wife, Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. When he was young, Babbage was sent to a private academy at Fort Hill in Middlesex, where he showed a great interest in mathematics. After completing his schooling at the academy, Babbage continued to study mathematics privately.

In 1811, Charles Babbage left London to go to Cambridge, where he attended Trinity College. However, Babbage did not particularly enjoy his experience at Trinity. Not only was he dissatisfied with the way they taught mathematics at the college, but he was also way ahead of his tutors!

Shortly after entering Trinity College, Babbage co-founded the Analytical Society. Set up in 1812, the Analytical Society comprised of 12 men, all of whom were Cambridge undergraduates. The goal of this society was to promote continental mathematics and to reform the teachings at Trinity.

Two years later, Charles Babbage graduated from Trinity College. He got married, before moving back to London in 1815. A year later, in 1816, Babbage was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London. Shortly after that, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It was at this time that Babbage's great interest in calculating machines surfaced.

In 1819, Charles Babbage began constructing a machine that he called the Difference Engine. This was a steam-powered mechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables. It could perform all sorts of complex mathematical operations! Three years later, a small prototype was completed. Babbage then envisioned a large Difference Engine with more capabilities than his small prototype. However, a machine such as this would be expensive. Thus, Babbage appealed to the English government. The government granted Babbage £1500. However, this was not enough to complete a large Difference Engine. As a matter of fact, the expense of this machine was getting way out of hand. Further government funding accumulated to £17000. In addition to this, Babbage had paid £6000 out of his own pocket! The project was ended in 1842, when the government refused to provide further funding.

At this time, Charles Babbage had come up with a new idea. He called this new machine the Analytical Engine. This mechanical calculator was to be much more complex than the Difference Engine. It was to be a general-purpose calculator that could solve any mathematical problem that it was given! In addition, this machine had many parts that are analogous to the modern computer. Its mill was the calculating unit, which performed similar tasks to the modern PC's central processing unit. The Analytical Engine's store held the data that was to be processed, like a modern computer's memory, and the reader/printer was the machine's input/output devices! Unfortunately, Babbage was never able to successfully complete any of his designs for this machine. The inability to complete his Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine greatly disappointed Babbage. He died on October 18, 1871.

Although Babbage never completed any of his machines, his ideas paved a road for modern computers. They led the world in the right direction to a digital world.

Courtesy of the Charles Babbage Institute,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

What Happens Inside Your Computer?

2009-08-18T08:34:00.000-07:00

Let's go through the steps of the events that occur from the time you first push the power button on your computer to the time you click the "shut down" button.
1. You press the buttons to turn on your monitor and computer.
2. A signal is sent to your power supply telling it to turn on. The power supply is what keeps your entire computer system running; it is what makes the difference between a box with a whole bunch of odd-looking devices connected to it and a working computer system! The power supply changes the electrical current from the outlet in your wall into a voltage that can be used by your computer.
3. The fans found in the power supply will begin working. These fans are vital to your computer system. They circulate the air inside the computer case to make sure that the devices do not overheat!
4. Your computer's BIOS goes to work. BIOS is the software that gives your CPU its first instructions when the computer is turned on. Your BIOS will:
Perform a power-on self-test (POST), an inspection checking to make sure that all of your computer's components are working properly.
Check to see if a reboot is necessary. If not, then it will perform a read/write test for your computer's random-access memory (RAM), it will check the keyboard and the mouse, and it will also check the PCI bus and expansion cards. You will see a string of text on your computer screen as your computer's BIOS checks everything.
Check the CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) for your system settings. It will check for what components are installed in your computer system as well as for important information concerning your computer's operating system.
Usually, you will see a string of words on a black screen when your computer first turns on. This is your BIOS system displaying information about your computer's central processing unit, information about how much memory your computer has, as well as information about your hard disk drives and floppy disk drives.
5. The bootstrap loader will load the your computer's operating system into the computer's memory. Bootstrap, or boot, for short, is the process of loading the operating system. The whole process of loading your operating system is called booting up your computer.
6. The operating system will go to work. At this point, all control of your computer system is transferred from the BIOS to the operating system. The tasks your operating system must perform can be broken up into six major categories:
Processor Management: The operating system breaks tasks down into chunks that your CPU can handle and it prioritizes the tasks before sending them off to the processor.
Memory Management: The OS coordinates the information as it flows in and out of the computer's random-access memory.
Device Management: The operating system will let the numerous devices that are part of your computer system communicate with each other and with the central processing unit.
Storage Management: The OS will direct data and information to the places where they are to be stored.
Application Interface: The operating system lets your computer's hardware interface, or talk to, the software.
User Interface: Of course, now you'll need someway to communicate with your computer. This is controlled by your operating system.
7. You open up and run certain programs or applications. First, let's say you open up a word document to type a letter to your Great-Aunt Betty.
Your operating system will realize that you have a word processor open, so when you use either the keyboard or the mouse to input information, it will know to accept the information you input for the word document. Sometimes, if you have more than one program open at a time, your operating system will have to determine which program it is that you are using at the given time, but for now, we will just concentrate on the word processor.
8. Let's say you wanted to type in the letter "D"
You press the "D" key on the keyboard
Your keyboard will send an electrical signal to your computer telling it that you have just pressed a button
The keyboard controller will send an interrupt to the central processing unit telling it to take a look at the key you just pressed. The "D" will be temporarily stored in a special memory until your CPU is ready to deal with it.
Most often, your CPU also has to deal with other tasks. Your operating system will prioritize these tasks. Finally, it is time for your CPU to deal with the key you just pressed.
The CPU determines which program you were using when you pressed the key. In this case, you were in a word processor.
The CPU will tell your operating system to display the letter "D" on the screen. The letter is displayed by adding it to your graphics card, which tells your monitor what to display on the screen! This seems like a long and complicated process, but it occurs almost instantaneously! That shows how fast a computer is!
9. Now, you've finished typing your letter to Great-Aunt Betty, and you want to save it. When you press the "save" button in your word processor, a message will be sent to the operating system. A window will pop up, in which you can choose where you want to save the document to. Then, the operating system will transfer the document from the computer's RAM to the specified storage device.
10. After you have saved your letter, you decide that you want to print it out. Your operating system will translate the file from its present form into a form that your printer can comprehend. Then, your printer will go to work!
11. Now, that you've finished your letter, you decide that you want to go online to chat with some friends. You open up a web browser. Once again, it is your operating system that controls everything. This time, you can either type in the URL of the website you want to go to, or click on a link. By using a modem, your browser software can direct you to the right website, which will be displayed on your monitor!
12. After you've finished chatting, you're done using your computer. You click on the "shut down" button.
13. The operating system will close any programs that you have left open. However, if it finds that you have left a word document open, and that the document contains unsaved information, a prompt will come up asking if you would like to save the file before you exit. How convenient!
14. The operating system will save your current settings for your computer system. This way, it will remember them the next time you turn on your computer.
15. Usually, your computer has special software that will automatically shut down its power supply. If not, you will have to manually press a button.

People seeing this page from .....

2009-08-13T17:45:00.000-07:00

List of Tamil language television channels

2009-08-10T07:16:00.000-07:00

Indian Public Channels
DD CHENNAI (Tamil) (DD 1)- was inaugurated by Doordarshan on 15 August,1975. The service has been extended to the entire state in phased manner by installing Terrestrial Transmitters of different capacities ( HPTs , LPTs, VLPTs ) at different parts of the Tamil Nadu state.
Podhigai TV (Tamil) (DD 5) - DD - stands for Doordarshan - A true Tamil channel speaking in unadulterated tamizh with good content.It is a one and only best and Complete Tamil channel in Tamil Nadu, 24 Hour Tamil family entertainment channel from Chennai.
Sri Lankan Channels
Shakthi TV - Privately owned entertainment channel telecasting in Sri Lanka.
Nethra TV - Government owned General entertainment channel part of the Rupavahini corporation telecasting in Sri Lanka and East Asia.
DAN Tamil Ozhi - Pro-Government and anti-Tamil channel telecasting in Sri Lanka and overseas in a bad quality.
Deepam TV - Tamil General Entertainment Sri Lankan Channel.
GTV - Pro-Tamil General Entertainment Sri Lankan Channel.
Children (in Alphabetical order)
Cartoon Network (Tamil) - Cartoon channel in India
Chutti TV - Children's channel in Tamil from Sun Network
Toon Disney in Tamil - Cartoon channel in India
Kalaignar Chithiram - Coming soon from kalaignar network
General Entertainment
Sun TV - South India Media giant Sun networks' Tamil entertainment channel.(http://www.sunnetwork.org/suntv)
Imayam TV - Family entertainment channel (Nil)
Jaya TV - General family entertainment channel (http://www.jayanetwork.in)
Kalaignar TV - A new 24 Hour Tamil channel M. Karunanidhi. (http://www.kalaignartv.co.in)
Makkal TV- A true Tamil channel speaking in unadulterated tamizh with good content. (http://www.makkal.tv)
Mega TV - A brand new Tamil channel in India, 24 Hour Tamil family entertainment channel from Chennai. (http://www.megatv.in)
Raj TV - Tamil entertainment channel. (http://www.rajtvnet.in)
STAR Vijay - STAR Network's Tamil entertainment channel.(http://www.vijay.indya.com)
Tamilan TV - Family entertainment channel. (http://www.tamilantelevision.com)
Vasanth TV - New Tamil Channel from Vasanth & Co. (http://www.vasanth.tv)
WIN TV Tamil - Family entertainment channel. (http://www.wintvindia.com)
Zee Tamil - General entertainment channel from Zee group.(http://www.zeetamizh.com)
Moon Tv - General entertainment channel from Moon Vision Private Limited. (http://www.moontv.com)
Kural Tv - General entertainment channel [coming soon].(http://www.kuraltvinfo.com)
Captain Tv - General entertainment channel [coming soon].(http://www.captainmedia.in)
Polimer Channel - General entertainment channel [coming soon]. (http://www.polimerchannel.com)
Religion
Angel TV - Christian Channel a firstbig christian channel
Aashirvatham TV - Christian Channel
Jesus Tv - Christian Channel
Krishna Tv - Spiritual and social channel from Krishnaswamy Associates Media Renaissance (KAMR)(http://www.kaplindia.net/)
Lifestyle
Astro Vaanavil - Tamil cultural and lifestyle-related channel from Malaysia
BBC Tamil News - Tamil news channel from USA, Canada, Malaysia and Japan
Movies
KTV-Tamil Movie chanel
Raj Digital Plus - Tamil Movie Channel
Astro Vellithirai - Tamil movie channel from Malaysia
Astro Box Office Movie Thanggathirai-24 hrs pay-per view Tamil channel from Malaysia
TBO - Tamil Box Office cinema channel from Singapore
Music
Sun Music - Tamil music channel from the Sun Network.
Raj Musix -Tamil music channel from the Raj network
Isai Aruvi -Tamil music channel from the Kalaignar Groups
Jaya Max -Tamil music channel from the Jaya Tv Neywork
Galaxy Osai -Tamil music & interactive channel in Malaysia
Vasantham Central - Tamil music & interactive channel in Singapore
SS Music - Multi-lingual music channel, predominantely Tamil music shows.
Comedy
Adithya - Tamil comedy channel from sun network
Siripoli - Tamil comedy channel from Kalaignar tv Group
News
Sun News - Tamil news channel from the Sun Network.
Galaxy News- Tamil news channel Galaxy Network in Malaysia.
Jaya Plus - Tamil news channel from Jaya Tv Network.
Raj News 24x7 - 24Hour News Channel From Raj TV Group.
Seithigal - Tamil news channel from Kalaignar Tv Group.
NDTV Hindu - Regional news channel JV between the Hindu & NDTV.(http://www.ndtv.com)
TV9 Tamil -24 Hour Tamil news channel from TV9 group. [coming soon](http://www.tv9.net/)
Shathiyam Tv -24 Hour Tamil news channel from Sathiyam Media Vision. [coming soon](http://www.sathiyam.org/home.html)
Internet Protocol Television
TVI On Demand
Tamil IPTV
BSNL IPTV

FM Radio stations in Coimbatore

2009-08-10T07:09:00.000-07:00

Coimbatore {கோயம்புத்தூர்}
999 kHz
103.0 MHz
All India Radio Coimbatore (AIR Coimbatore / Akashvani Coimbatore)
Trichy Road
Ramanathapuram
COIMBATORE 641045
Tamil Nadu
Tel: +91 422 2316314
E-mail: aircbe@md5.vsnl.net.in
91.1 MHz
Radio City, Coimbatore
COIMBATORE
Tamil Nadu
91.9 MHz
Gyan Vani, Coimbatore
Dr.G.R.Damodaran College of Science
Avinashi Road
Civil Aerodrome Post
COIMBATORE 641014
Tamil Nadu
Tel: + 91 422 2572719 / 2576557 / 2591863-4Fax: + 91 422 2210187 / 2591865
Email : grdcs@grd.org
93.5 MHz
Suryan FM, Coimbatore
39 Ramakrishna Nagar
New Sidhapudur
COIMBATORE 641044
Tamil Nadu
Tel: +91 422 2218171Fax: +91 422 2213766
98.3 MHz
Radio Mirchi, Coimbatore (ENIL)
COIMBATORE
Tamil Nadu
106.4 MHz
Hello FM, Coimbatore (Malar Publications)
COIMBATORE
Tamil Nadu
107.8 MHz
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
COIMBATORE
Tamil Nadu

Perceived disadvantages of open source models

2009-08-05T05:10:00.001-07:00

There is no guarantee that development will happen
There may be significant problems connected to intellectual property
It is sometimes difficult to know that a project exist, and its current status.

Advantages of Opensource

2009-08-05T05:08:00.000-07:00

The availability of the source code and the right to modify it.
The right to redistribute modifications and improvements to the code.
The right to use the software in any way.

What is a Freeware?

2009-08-05T05:07:00.000-07:00

Is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee? Freeware is generally proprietary software available at zero price. The author usually restricts one or more rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works of the software.

What is a Shareware?

2009-08-05T05:06:00.000-07:00

Refers to proprietary software that is provided to users without payment on a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of functionality, availability or convenience. Shareware is often offered as a download from an Internet website or as a compact disc included with a periodical such as a newspaper or magazine. The aim of shareware is to give buyers the opportunity to use the program and judge its usefulness before purchasing a license for the full version of the software.

What is Open Source Software?

2009-08-05T05:04:00.000-07:00

A program that is operated under the open source label has to fulfil several criteria. The most important of these are:
Can be circulated freely:
Anyone may use open source software and pass it on as often as he or she wishes.
Availability of the source code:
The software suite must contain the source code or this must be available at a freely accessible location.
Modifications to the source code:
The source code may be adapted to individual requirements and be passed on in this modified format.

JPG vs. GIF vs. PNG

2009-07-31T17:41:00.000-07:00

JPG vs. GIF vs. PNG
Following are the most commonly used graphics file formats for putting graphics on the World Wide Web and how each differs from the others.
JPEG/JPGShort for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the original name of the committee that wrote the standard. JPG is one of the image file formats supported on the Web. JPG is a lossy compression technique that is designed to compress color and grayscale continuous-tone images. The information that is discarded in the compression is information that the human eye cannot detect. JPG images support 16 million colors and are best suited for photographs and complex graphics. The user typically has to compromise on either the quality of the image or the size of the file. JPG does not work well on line drawings, lettering or simple graphics because there is not a lot of the image that can be thrown out in the lossy process, so the image loses clarity and sharpness.
GIF Short for Graphics Interchange Format, another of the graphics formats supported by the Web. Unlike JPG, the GIF format is a lossless compression technique and it supports only 256 colors. GIF is better than JPG for images with only a few distinct colors, such as line drawings, black and white images and small text that is only a few pixels high. With an animation editor, GIF images can be put together for animated images. GIF also supports transparency, where the background color can be set to transparent in order to let the color on the underlying Web page to show through. The compression algorithm used in the GIF format is owned by Unisys, and companies that use the algorithm are supposed to license the use from Unisys.*
PNG Short for Portable Network Graphics, the third graphics standard supported by the Web (though not supported by all browsers). PNG was developed as a patent-free answer to the GIF format but is also an improvement on the GIF technique. An image in a lossless PNG file can be 5%-25% more compressed than a GIF file of the same image. PNG builds on the idea of transparency in GIF images and allows the control of the degree of transparency, known as opacity. Saving, restoring and re-saving a PNG image will not degrade its quality. PNG does not support animation like GIF does.
*Unisys announced in 1995 that it would require people to pay licensing fees in order to use GIF. This does not mean that anyone who creates or uses a GIF image has to pay for it. Authors writing programs that output GIF images are subject to licensing fees.

Core 2 Duo Price!!!!!!

2009-07-30T05:55:00.000-07:00

Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T6500 (2.10GHz/ 800 FSB/ 2MB Cache) [Unit Price]

Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor P8600 (2.40GHz/ 1066 FSB/ 3MB Cache) [add Rs.5,250.73]

Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor P8700 (2.53GHz/ 1066 FSB/ 3MB Cache) [add Rs.8,572.61]

Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T9550 (2.66GHz/ 1066 FSB/ 6MB Cache) [add Rs.15,002.07]

Intel® Core™ 2 Duo Processor T9800 (2.93GHz/ 1066 FSB/ 6MB Cache) [add Rs.34,236.32]

Laptop VS Notebook VS Tablet PC

2009-07-30T05:39:00.000-07:00

You may be wondering what's the difference between a notebook and a laptop computer? The answer often depends on who makes it. Some Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) call their mobile computers "laptops" and some call them "notebooks". The terms are often used interchangeably. Lately, a new breed of terms have been popping up. Terms like deskbooks and Tablet PC's.
My distinction between a laptop computer and a notebook computer is this:
Laptop computers are somewhat larger than notebook computers and will accommodate a built-in disk drive unit. That is, a CD/DVD ROM drive is either built into the unit or the unit has a built-in bay that will accommodate a removable CD ROM drive. You should expect the display unit to be at least 15 inches wide, when measured diagonally. It is thought that some OEM use the term Notebook because their Laptop computer generate too much heat to actually use it on your lap.
Notebook computers generally allow you to attach, via cable, a CD ROM drive. Since the drive is not built into the unit, notebooks are smaller and lighter than laptops. These units are commonly known as "Ultra Portables". Hence, a notebook is an ultra small laptop. Another way to look at it is a notebook is about the size (or a little larger than) of a real [binder] notebook.
Tablet PCs are mobile computers with a twist. That is, you can literally twist the monitor. Tablet display screens will swivel on its base - usually 360 degrees. They generally allow you to capture handwriting, via a special stylus pen, and store it on the computer. Table PC software automatically turns your handwriting to text. Tablets are no more, or less, mobile than any other laptop or notebook.

Desktop VS Laptop

2009-07-30T05:33:00.000-07:00

In this fast-changing technological world, sometimes you are faced with some difficult choices. For instance, your current computer has matured to the ripe old age of six months and has been deemed obsolete. Now it's time to purchase a new computer and the question is, "Should I buy a laptop or a desktop?" But just because laptops are the new craze, it does not mean that you should run right out and get one. There are benefits and drawbacks that must be weighed.
Of course, the main benefit of a laptop is the portability. This can be a huge benefit, allowing you to take your computer to and from work, on planes, on camping trips, and practically anywhere else. Along with this benefit comes a large drawback. It is just as easy for someone else to walk off with it as it is for you. Laptops are stolen at an alarming rate, because they are just so easy to steal. And when that computer is stolen, not only do you lose the value of the computer, but also all of your valuable data.
Another major drawback of a laptop is that their parts are "proprietary" which means that if your laptop breaks, only the company that made it will be able to fix it, and after the warranty expires they will be very happy to charge you an exorbitant price for that service. While with a desktop computers, you are able to take advantage of your local computer store which will often fix it at a much more reasonable rate.
A third drawback to the laptop craze is that in general, laptops are far more expensive than desktop systems. For the price of an average laptop, you could purchase a much more powerful desktop. Of course, what you are paying for is the portability of a smaller design, but is that worth it? While it can be very fun to take your computer with you on a camping trip, how often do you need to type something up while fishing?
Now, the laptop is a very important part of the computer market, and I am not trying to discourage people from buying them if they have need for them, but I have just seen far too many people dissatisfied with their laptops and wishing that they had purchased a desktop.
Laptops should be viewed as a purchase that should only be made when necessary. You would not purchase a car with 4-wheel drive (no matter how fun it looked) unless you actually had use of that feature, because otherwise it wouldn’t justify the added cost. The same is true of laptops.

Intel-Internet Device Processor Families

2009-07-30T05:03:00.000-07:00

Intel® Atom™ processor for Mobile Internet Devices
Intel® Atom™ processor for netbooks
Intel® Atom™ processor for nettops

Intel-Desktop Processor Families

2009-07-30T04:59:00.000-07:00

Intel® Core™ i7 processor Extreme Edition
Intel® Core™ i7 processor
Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor
Intel® Core™2 Quad processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Intel® Pentium® processor
Intel® Celeron® processor

Intel - Laptop Processor families

2009-07-30T04:54:00.000-07:00

Intel® Core™2 Extreme mobile processor
Intel® Core™2 Duo processor
Intel® Centrino® 2 processor technology
Intel® Core™2 Solo processor
Intel® Pentium® processor
Intel Celeron processor

Computer Stuff

2009-07-27T18:14:00.000-07:00

Adaptec
Acer
Adobe Systems
Advance Logic
Advanced Micro Devices
Apple
Archtek Telecom
Artisoft
Asus
ATI
Aztech
Best Data Products
Berkeley Systems
Boca Research
Brother
BusLogic
CalComp
Canon
Cardinal
Cirrus Logic
Colorado (HP)
Colorado_
Compaq
Corel
Creative Labs
Dell
Delrina
Diamond Multimedia
Digital Equipment Corp.
DTC
Eiger Labs Game Modem
Ensoniq
Epson
E-Tech Web Page
Eudora
Fujitsu
Gateway 2000
Gravis
Global Village
Goldstar
Hercules
Hayes
Hewlett Packard, HP Peripheral Software and Support
Intel
IBM
IOmega
Intuit
Kurta
LaserMaster
The Learning Company
Lexmark
Logitech - Logitech FTPsite
Lotus
MagInnovision
Matrox
Maxis
Media Vision
Megahertz
MetaTools
Microcom
Micrografx
MicroHelp
Microtek
Miro
Mitsumi
Motorola
Multi-Tech
Mustek
Nakamichi
National Semiconductor
NEC
NetComm Limited
New Media
NeXT
NexGen
Nokia
Novell
Number Nine
Oak Technology
OnTrack
Oracle
Opti
Orchid
Panasonic
Paradise
Penril Datability Networks .
Philips
Phylon Communications
Pinnacle Micro
Practical Peripherals
Promise
PureData Home Page
QLogic
QMS
Quark
Qualcomm (Eudora Mail)
Quantum
Quarterdeck
Racal Datacom
Radius
RealMagic
Relisys
Reveal
Rockwell
Samsung
Seagate
Sony
STB
Summagraphics
Supra
Sybase
Symantec
Syquest
Tamarack
Tektronix
Telebit Corporation
Thrustmaster
Toshiba
Trust
Turtle Beach
U.S. Robotics
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How GPS works?

2009-07-27T18:07:00.000-07:00

Here's how GPS works in five logical steps:
The basis of GPS is "triangulation" from satellites.
To "triangulate," a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time of radio signals.
To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing which it achieves with some tricks.
Along with distance, you need to know exactly where the satellites are in space. High orbits and careful monitoring are the secret.
Finally you must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the atmosphere.
I will explain each of these points in the next five sections of the tutorial. I recommend you follow the tutorial in order. Remember, science is a step-by-step discipline

What is GPS?

2009-07-27T18:06:00.000-07:00

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations.
GPS uses these "man-made stars" as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS you can make measurements to better than a centimeter!
In a sense it's like giving every square meter on the planet a unique address.
GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and so are becoming very economical. And that makes the technology accessible to virtually everyone.
These days GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery, even laptop computers.
Soon GPS will become almost as basic as the telephone. Indeed, at Nova Stars, we think it just may become a universal utility.

Why GPS?

2009-07-27T18:04:00.000-07:00

Trying to figure out where you are and where you're going is probably one of man's oldest pastimes. Navigation and positioning are crucial to so many activities and yet the process has always been quite cumbersome. Over the years all kinds of technologies have tried to simplify the task but every one has had some disadvantage.
Finally, the U.S. Department of Defense decided that the military had to have a super precise form of worldwide positioning. And fortunately they had the kind of money ($12 billion!) it took to build something really good.
The result is the Global Positioning System, a system that's changed navigation forever.

About GPS

2009-07-27T18:01:00.000-07:00

GPS - (Global Positioning System) is a constellation of satellites that orbit the earth twice a day, transmitting precise time and position (latitude, longitude and altitude) information. With a GPS receiver, users can determine their location anywhere on the Earth. Position and navigation information is vital to a broad range of professional and personal activities, including hiking, hunting, camping, boating, surveying, aviation, national defense, vehicle tracking, navigation and more.
The complete system consists of 24 satellites orbiting about 12,000 miles above the Earth, and five ground stations to monitor and manage the satellite constellation. These satellites provide 24-hour-a-day coverage for both two-and three- dimensional positioning anywhere on Earth.
Development of the $10 billion GPS satellite navigation system was begun in the 1970s by the US Department of Defense, which continues to manage the system, to provide continuous, worldwide positioning and navigation data to US military forces around the globe. However, GPS has an even broader civilian, commercial application. To meet these needs, GPS offers two levels of service, one for civilian access and the second encrypted for exclusive military use.
The GPS signals are available to an unlimited number of users simultaneously, and there is no charge for using the GPS Satellites either.
The basis of GPS technology is precise time and position information. Using atomic clocks and location data, each satellite continuously broadcast the time and its position. A GPS receiver receives these signals, listening to three or more satellites at once, to determine the users position on earth.
By measuring the time interval between the transmission and the reception of a satellite signal, the GPS receiver calculates the user and each satellite. Using the distance measurements of at least three satellites in an algorithm computation, the GPS receiver arrives at an accurate position fix. Information must be received from three satellites in order to obtain two-dimensional fixes(latitude and longitude), and four satellites are required for three-dimensional positioning (latitude, longitude and altitude).
Under normal conditions, the GPS signal will provide a civilian user an accuracy of better than 15 meters (50 feet). However, using a technique called differential GPS (DGPS), the user can increase the overall accuracy of the GPS receiver to approximately 1-3 meters. With DGPS, one GPS receiver unit is placed in a known location and the position information from that receiver is used to calculate correction in the position data transmitted to other GPS receivers in the area. The resulting real-time accuracy is in the 10 foot range. Sub-meter accuracy can be obtained by using DGPS and post-processing calculations in static positioning.

Software Engineering Lab- Deliverable #7

2009-06-19T18:21:00.000-07:00

Software Engineering Lab –I
Deliverable # 7

DUE: 7th Session

TURN-IN: 2 copies of your document should be turned in. One copy will be graded and the other will be given to the implementation/prototyping team.

GOAL:
The purpose of this assignment is to prepare a Design Document. The document should present the conceptual and detailed technical design for the educational game you are developing.

DESCRIPTION:
Write a Design Document including the following information:
Introduction
Project Overview/ Problem Statement
Document Overview
Revised Requirements
The complete listing of functional and non-functional

requirements for the game you are designing
A discussion of the major changes in the requirements.

Which requirements have been modified, added, or

removed. (The original requirements can be relegated to an

appendix.)
System Models
Appropriate models to formally represent data, function,

and behavior of your system
Conceptual Design
System architecture diagram with accompanying description
Description of the functional allocation of your system into

modules
Detailed Design
Data Design
Description of data structures
File and database structures
Procedural Design
Descriptions/diagrams of your system modules
For each module, include processing narrative,

interface description, design language/pseudo- code description, internal data structures, and

comments/restrictions/limitations
User Interface Design
Story boards or snapshots of the design of your major

interface screens, with the necessary explanatory text
Validation & Verification
Traceability: How do you verify that your system has

been designed to match the requirements stated?
Testing Plan: How do you plan to test your

implementation?
Sources & Bibliography

Appendix
Original Requirements as stated in SRS

Software Engineering Lab 7th session evaluation

2009-06-19T18:04:00.000-07:00

Software Engineering Lab –I
7th Session Evaluation

DUE: 7th Session

TURN-IN: 2 copies of your document should be turned in. One copy will be graded and the other will be given to the implementation/prototyping team.

GOAL:
The purpose of this assignment is to prepare a Design Document. The document should present the conceptual and detailed technical design for the educational game you are developing.

GRADING CRITERIA:
Requirements Revision (5)

System Models (10)

Conceptual Design (10)

Overview of Design (5)

Software Architecture (5)

Detailed Design (35)

Data Design (5)

Procedural Design (20)

Design Quality (10)

User Interface Design (15)

Screen Layout (10)

HCI Design Quality (5)

Validation & Verification (15)

Traceability (5)

Testing Plan (10)

Document Quality (10)

Organization (5)

Style & Grammar (5)

Total (100)

Ph.D course work-1

2009-06-18T21:40:00.000-07:00

E 02 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 3 0 0 100

UNIT I Introduction (7)
Definition - System models- Design issues of distributed operating systems –Distributed Computing environment

UNIT II Communication (10)
Message Passing: Features and Issues –Synchronization-Buffering – Process addressing – Failure handling- Remote Procedure Call: Model – Implementation – Stub generation –RPC messages-Marshaling –Server management - Call semantics

UNIT III Synchronization and Transactions (10)
Clock synchronization - physical clocks- logical clocks - Election algorithms- Mutual exclusion – Deadlocks, Transaction mode l- Classification – Implementation – Concurrency control

UNIT IV Process Management and Resource Management (9)
Process migration: Features – Mechanism –Threads: Models, Issues,
Implementation, Features-Task assignment approach–Load Balancing approach– Load sharing approach

UNIT V Name Services and Case Study (9)
Names, Identifiers and Addresses- Name resolution- Name space implementation - Domain Name System- Name Caches-Security, Amoeba- Mach
Total 45 Hours
Reference Books
1. Pradeep K Sinha, “Distributed Operating Systems: Concepts and Design”, PHI / Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2005.
2. George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore, “Distributed Systems Concept and Design”, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2005.
3. Andrew S.Tanenbaum, Marteen van steen “Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms”, PHI / Pearson Education,New Delhi, 2005.
4. Nancy A Lynch, “Distributed Algorithms”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Indian Reprint, New Delhi, 2000.

Ph.D course work-4

2009-06-18T20:34:00.000-07:00

ECO E04 INTERNETWORKING MULTIMEDIA 3 0 0 100

UNIT - I MULTIMEDIA NETWORKING (9)
Digital sound, video and graphics, basic multimedia networking, multimedia characteristics, evolution of Internet services model, network requirements for audio/ video transform, multimedia coding and compression for text, image, audio and video.

UNIT - II BROADBAND NETWORK TECHNOLOGY (9)
Broadband services, ATM and IP, IPV6, High speed switching, resource reservation, Buffer management, traffic shaping, caching, scheduling, and policing, throughput, delay and jitter performance. Storage and media services, voice and video over IP, MPEG-2 over ATM/IP, indexing synchronization of requests, recording and remote control.

UNIT - III RELIABLE TRANSPORT PROTOCOL AND APPLICATIONS (9)
Multicast over shared media network, multicast routing and addressing, scaling multicast and NBMA networks, Reliable transport protocols, TCP adaptation algorithm, RTP, RTCP. MIME, Peer- to-Peer computing, shared application, video conferencing, centralized and distributed conference control, distributed virtual reality, light weight session philosophy.

UNIT - IV MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION STANDARDS (9)
Objective of MPEG- 7 standard, Functionalities and systems of MPEG-7, MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework Architecture, - Content representation, Content Management and usage, Intellectual property management, Audio visual system- H322: Guaranteed QOS LAN systems; MPEG_4 video Transport across internet.

UNIT - V MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION ACROSS NETWORKS (9)
Packet Audio/video in the network environment, video transport across Generic networks- Layered video coding, error Resilient video coding techniques, Scalable Rate control, Streaming video across Internet, Multimedia transport across ATM networks and IP network, Multimedia across wireless networks.
Total 45 Hours

Reference Books
1 Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, Ian Wakeman, Internetworking Multimedia, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 1998.
2 B.O. Szuprowicz, Multimedia Networking, McGraw Hill, Newyork. 1995.
3 Tay Vaughan, Multimedia - Making it to work, 4ed, Tata McGraw Hill , NewDelhi, 2000.
4 K.R.Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic and Dragorad A. Milovanovic, Multimedia
Communication systems, PHI , 2003.

Ph.D course work-3

2009-06-18T19:59:00.000-07:00

ECE E11 MULTIMEDIA DATABASES 3 0 0 100

UNIT - I INTRODUCTION (9)
Overview of Database Management – Threshold Architecture – Informal look at the Relational Model – SQL.

UNIT - II NORMAL FORM (9)
Functional Dependencies – Basic Definition and Some Examples – 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF – Multivalued Dependencies – Definition and Examples – 4NF – Join Dependencies : Definitions and Examples – 5NF.

UNIT - III OODB AND ADVANCED DATA STRUCTURES (9)
Introduction to OODBMS – K-D trees – Point Quad Trees – R-trees

UNIT – IV IMAGE AND TEXT DATABASES (9)
Similarity Based Retrieved – Representing Image DBs with Relation – Representing Image DBs with R-Trees – Stop Lists – Words Term and Frequency Tables – Latent Semantic Indexing – TV Trees.

UNIT - V VIDEO AND AUDIO DATABASES (9)
Organizing content of a Single Video – Querying content of Video Libraries – General Model of Audio Data – Indexing Audio Data.
Total 45 Hours
Reference Books
1 Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database System, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.
2 V. S. Subramanian, “Principles of Multimedia Database System”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc, 1998.
3 C. J. Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education, 2000.
4 S. Khoshafian and A. B. Bakor, “Multimedia and Imaging Databases”, Morgan Kaufmann, 1996.

Ph.D course work-2

2009-06-18T19:53:00.000-07:00

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS 3 0 0 100

1. INTRODUCTION 9
Need for performance evaluation – Role of performance evaluation - performance evaluation Methods – Performance Metrics and Evaluation Criteria – CPU and I/O Architectures – Distributed and Network Architectures– Secondary Storage – Topologies – Computer Architecture - Fundamental Concepts and Performance Measures.

2. PROBABILITY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES 9
Scheduling Algorithms – Workloads – Random Variables – Probability Distributions –Densities – Expectation – Stochastic Processes – Poisson Process – Birth-Death Process –Markov Process.

3. QUEUING THEORY 9
Queuing Systems – Networks of Queues - Estimating Parameters and Distributions – Computational Methods – Simulation Process – Time Control – Systems and Modeling.

4. PETRI NETS AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 9
Petri Nets – Classical Petri Nets – Timed Petri Nets – Priority-based Petri Nets – Colored Petri Nets – Generalized Petri Nets – Tool Selection – Validation of Results – Performance Metrics – Evaluation – Multiple Server Computer System Analysis.

5. ANALYSIS 9
OS Components – System Architecture – Workloads – Design – Simulation – Analysis - Database System Performance – Computer Networks Components – Simulation Modelling of LAN.
Total No of periods: 45
Reference Books:
1. Paul J. Fortier, Howard E. Michael, “Computer Systems Performance Evaluation and Prediction”, Elsvier Science (USA), 2003.
2. Thomas G. Robertazzi, “Computer Networks and Systems: Queing theory and Performance Evaluation”, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2000.
3. Domenico Ferrari , Giuseppe Serazzi ,Alexandro Zeijher, Measurement & Tuning of Computer Systems –Prentice Hall Inc, 1983.
4. Michael F.Mories and Paul F.Roth,. Tools and techniques, Computer Performance Evaluation, Van Nostrand, New York, 1982.

First DC meeting

2009-06-18T04:33:00.000-07:00

First Dc meeting held on 18/06/2009 at 11 AM.
Venue:SKCET, Coimbatore.

Ph.D Registration

2009-06-17T16:05:00.000-07:00

Ph.D Register Number:10910621099 Jan 2009 session